Abstract
The principal methods for the investigation of outer-sphere interactions in solutions of labile inner-sphere complexes are arranged systematically and analysed. The modern views on the thermodynamics and structure of outer-sphere complexes are discussed and the reliability of certain hypotheses and models is examined from the standpoint of the comparison of the results of different experimental methods and theoretical ideas. A number of features of the outer-sphere interaction in solutions are formulated in relation to outer-sphere associated species formed by 3d metals, using certain data about the associated species of s, p, and f metals as well as outer-sphere associated species of inert complex cations.
The bibliography includes 203 references.