Abstract
The available data on the problem of hypothetical crystalline carbon nitride are considered. These involve the crystal structure, the nature of chemical bonding, and physical properties of carbon nitride of which the most interesting is its predicted high hardness comparable with that of diamond. The experiments aimed at synthesising carbon nitride are described, and properties of the materials obtained are characterised. The results of thermodynamic calculations pertinent to carbon nitride and processes of its synthesis are discussed. The bibliography includes 144 references.
References
1.
1
A. A. Krasnovskii
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR ,
1948
2.
3.
Zefirov N.S., Makhon'kov D.I.
Russian Chemical Reviews ,
1980
4.
5
A. A. Krasnovskii
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR ,
1953
5.
Franklin E.C.
Journal of the American Chemical Society ,
1922
6.
Cohen M.L.
Physical Review B ,
1985
7.
Cohen M.L.
Solid State Communications ,
1994
8.
Liu A.Y., Cohen M.L.
Science ,
1989
9.
Liu A.Y., Cohen M.L.
Physical Review B ,
1990
10.
Liu A.Y., Wentzcovitch R.M.
Physical Review B ,
1994
11.
Teter D.M., Hemley R.J.
Science ,
1996
12.
13.
14.
Hughbanks T., Tian Y.
Solid State Communications ,
1995
15.
Guo Y., Goddard W.A.
Chemical Physics Letters ,
1995
16.
Yeganeh-Haeri A., Weidner D.J., Parise J.B.
Science ,
1992
17.
Keskar N.R., Chelikowsky J.R.
Nature ,
1992
18.
Widany J., Weich F., Köhler T., Porezag D., Frauenheim T.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
19.
Ortega J., Sankey O.F.
Physical Review B ,
1995
20.
Corkill J.L., Cohen M.L.
Physical Review B ,
1993
21.
Yao H., Ching W.Y.
Physical Review B ,
1994
22.
23
N. V. Vostrilova
Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uzbek. SSR ,
1958
23.
Badding J.V., Nesting D.C.
Chemistry of Materials ,
1996
24.
Merchant A.R., McCulloch D.G., McKenzie D.R., Yin Y., Hall L., Gerstner E.G.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1996
25.
Cohen M.L.
Materials Science & Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing ,
1996
26.
Wixom M.R.
Journal of the American Ceramic Society ,
1990
27.
Iwaki M., Takahashi K., Sekiguchi A.
Journal of Materials Research ,
1990
28.
Sugai I., Oyaizu M., Hattori T., Kawasaki K., Yano T., Muto H., Takahashi Y., Yamazaki K.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment ,
1991
29.
Mort J., Machonkin M.A., Okumura K.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1991
30.
Franceschini D.F., Achete C.A., Freire F.L.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1992
31.
Amaratunga G.A., Veerasamy V.S., Davis C.A., Milne W.I., McKenzie D.R., Yuan J., Weiler M.
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids ,
1993
32.
Veerasamy V.S., Yuan J., Amaratunga G.A., Milne W.I., Gilkes K.W., Weiler M., Brown L.M.
Physical Review B ,
1993
33.
McKenzie D.R., Yin Y., Marks N.A., Davis C.A., Pailthorpe B.A., Amaratunga G.A., Veerasamy V.S.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1994
34.
Robertson J., Davis C.A.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1995
35.
Ronning C., Griesmeier U., Gross M., Hofsäss H.C., Downing R.G., Lamaze G.P.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1995
36.
Glenis S., Nelson A.J., Labes M.M.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1996
37.
Hoffman A., Brener R., Gouzman I., Cytermann C., Geller H., Levin L., Kenny M.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1995
38.
Han H., Feldman B.J.
Solid State Communications ,
1988
39.
Viehland J., Lin S., Feldman B.J., Kilgore K., Jones M.T.
Solid State Communications ,
1991
40.
Mansour A., Ugolini D.
Physical Review B ,
1993
41.
Mariotto G., Freire F.L., Achete C.A.
Thin Solid Films ,
1994
42.
Freire F.L., Mariotto G., Brusa R.S., Zecca A., Achete C.A.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1995
43.
Prioli R., Zanette S.I., Caride A.O., Franceschini D.F., Freire F.L.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1996
44.
Franceschini D.F., Freire F.L., Achete C.A., Mariotto G.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
45.
Jones D.I., Stewart A.D.
Philosophical Magazine B ,
1982
46.
Nakayama M., Matsuba Y., Shimamura J., Yamamoto Y., Chihara H., Kato H., Maruyama K., Kamata K.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1996
47.
48
A. A. Krasnovskii
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR ,
1955
48.
Walters J.K., Newport R.J., Howells W.S., Bushnell-Wye G.
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter ,
1996
49.
Kaufman J.H., Metin S., Saperstein D.D.
Physical Review B ,
1989
50.
Kalish R., Amir O., Brener R., Spits R.A., Derry T.E.
Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing ,
1991
51.
Amir O., Kalish R.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1991
52.
Laidani N., Miotello A., Perrière J.
Applied Surface Science ,
1996
53.
Diani M., Mansour A., Kubler L., Bischoff J.L., Bolmont D.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1994
54.
Chen L.C., Yang C.Y., Bhusari D.M., Chen K.H., Lin M.C., Lin J.C., Chuang T.J.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
55.
Feng J., Long C., Zheng Y., Zhang F., Fan Y.
Journal of Crystal Growth ,
1995
56.
Feng J., Zheng Y., Xie J.
Materials Letters ,
1996
57.
Song H.W., Cui F.Z., He X.M., Li W.Z., Li H.D.
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter ,
1994
58.
Wan L., Egerton R.F.
Thin Solid Films ,
1996
59.
Chen M.Y., Lin X., Dravid V.P., Chung Y.W., Wong M.S., Sproul W.D.
Surface and Coatings Technology ,
1992
60.
Chen M.Y., Li D., Lin X., Dravid V.P., Chung Y., Wong M., Sproul W.D.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1993
61.
Li D., Chung Y., Wong M., Sproul W.D.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1993
62.
Structural Properties of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Films Prepared by Reactive RF-Magnetron Sputtering
Nakayama N., Tsuchiya Y., Tamada S., Kosuge K., Nagata S., Takahiro K., Yamaguchi S.
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1: Regular Papers & Short Notes ,
1993
63.
Li D., Chung Y., Yang S., Wong M., Adibi F., Sproul W.D.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1994
64.
Sjöström H., Ivanov I., Johansson M., Hultman L., Sundgren J.-., Hainsworth S.V., Page T.F., Wallenberg L.R.
Thin Solid Films ,
1994
65.
Rossi F., Andre B., van Veen A., Mijnarends P.E., Schut H., Labohm F., Delplancke M.P., Dunlop H., Anger E.
Thin Solid Films ,
1994
66.
Li D., Chu X., Cheng S., Lin X., Dravid V.P., Chung Y., Wong M., Sproul W.D.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1995
67.
Lopez S., Wong M., Sproul W.D.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1995
68.
Okada T., Yamada S., Takeuchi Y., Wada T.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1995
69.
Sjöström H., Stafström S., Boman M., Sundgren J.-.
Physical Review Letters ,
1995
70.
Wang X., Martin P.J., Kinder T.J.
Thin Solid Films ,
1995
71.
Uglov S.A., Shub V.E., Beloglazov A.A., Konov V.I.
Applied Surface Science ,
1996
72.
Axén N., Botton G.A., Somekh R.E., Hutchings I.M.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
73.
Vorli´cˇek V., Sˇiroky´ P., Sobota J., Perˇina V., Zˇelezny´ V., Hrdina J.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
74.
Lou H.Q., Axén N., Somekh R.E., Hutchings I.M.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
75.
76
A. N. Terenin
"Fotokhimiya Krasitelei" (The Photochemistry of Dyes) ,
1947
76.
Sjöström H., Hultman L., Sundgren J.‐., Hainsworth S.V., Page T.F., Theunissen G.S.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1996
77.
Matsumoto O., Kotaki T., Shikano H., Takemura K., Tanaka S.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society ,
1994
78.
Davis C.A., McKenzie D.R., Yin Y., Kravtchinskaia E., Amaratunga G.A., Veerasamy V.S.
Philosophical Magazine B ,
1994
79.
Yen T., Chou C.
Solid State Communications ,
1995
80.
Szmidt J., Werbowy A., Zdunek K., Sokowska A., Konwerska-Hrabowska J., Mitura S.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
81.
Koskinen J., Hirvonen J., Levoska J., Torri P.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
82.
Peng J., Zhang Y., Yang S., Chen G.
Materials Letters ,
1996
83.
Gilkes K.W., Yuan J., Amaratunga G.A.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
84.
Husein I.F., Zhou Y., Li F., Allen R.C., Chan C., Kleiman J.I., Gudimenko Y., Cooper C.V.
Materials Science & Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing ,
1996
85.
Niu C., Lu Y.Z., Lieber C.M.
Science ,
1993
86.
Narayan J., Reddy J., Biunno N., Kanetkar S.M., Tiwari P., Parikh N.
Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology ,
1994
87.
Seth J., Padiyath R., Babu S.V.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1994
88.
Ren Z., Xiong X., Du Y., Wu J., Ying Z., Qiu Y., Li F.
Chinese Physics Letters ,
1994
89.
Ren Z., Du Y., Ying Z., Qiu Y., Xiong X., Wu J., Li F.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1994
90.
Ren Z., Du Y., Qiu Y., Wu J., Ying Z., Xiong X., Li F.
Physical Review B ,
1995
91.
Zhao X.‐., Ong C.W., Tsang Y.C., Wong Y.W., Chan P.W., Choy C.L.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1995
92.
Zhang Z.J., Fan S., Lieber C.M.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1995
93.
94
A. A. Krasnovskii
Fiziologiya Rastenii ,
1957
94.
Ong C.W., Zhao X.-., Tsang Y.C., Choy C.L., Chan P.W.
Thin Solid Films ,
1996
95.
Polo M.C., Aguiar R., Serra P., Cle`ries L., Varela M., Esteve J.
Applied Surface Science ,
1996
96.
Zhang Z.J., Huang J., Fan S., Lieber C.M.
Materials Science & Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing ,
1996
97.
Ogata F.F.
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1: Regular Papers & Short Notes ,
1993
98.
Ogata K., Chubaci J.F., Fujimoto F.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1994
99.
Bousetta A., Lu M., Bensaoula A., Schultz A.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1994
100.
Bousetta A., Lu M., Bensaoula A.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1995
101.
Su X.W., Song H.W., Cui F.Z., Li W.Z.
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter ,
1995
102.
Rivière J.P., Texier D., Delafond J., Jaouen M., Mathé E.L., Chaumont J.
Materials Letters ,
1995
103.
He Z., Carter G., Colligon J.S.
Thin Solid Films ,
1996
104.
Torng C.J., Sivertsen J.M., Judy J.H., Chang C.
Journal of Materials Research ,
1990
105.
Yeh T.-., Lin C.-., Sivertsen J.M., Judy J.H.
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics ,
1991
106.
Kumar S., Tansley T.L.
Solid State Communications ,
1993
107.
Kumar S., Tansley T.L.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1994
108.
Yu K.M., Cohen M.L., Haller E.E., Hansen W.L., Liu A.Y., Wu I.C.
Physical Review B ,
1994
109.
Kumar S., Tansley T.L.
Thin Solid Films ,
1995
110.
Kumar S., Tansley T.L., Wielunski L.S.
Journal Physics D: Applied Physics ,
1995
111.
Li Y., Zhang Z., Xie S., Yang G.
Chemical Physics Letters ,
1995
112.
Ze-Bo Z., Yin-An L., Si-Shen X., Guo-Zhen Y.
Journal of Materials Science Letters ,
1995
113.
Demichelis F., Rong X.F., Schreiter S., Tagliaferro A., De Martino C.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1995
114.
Marton D., Al-Bayati A.H., Todorov S.S., Boyd K.J., Rabalai J.W.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms ,
1994
115.
Boyd K.J., Marton D., Todorov S.S., Al‐Bayati A.H., Kulik J., Zuhr R.A., Rabalais J.W.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1995
116.
Taylor J.A., Lancaster G.M., Rabalais J.W.
Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena ,
1978
117.
Lin S.
Carbon ,
1993
118.
Hoffman A., Gouzman I., Brener R.
Applied Physics Letters ,
1994
119.
Gouzman I., Brener R., Hoffman A.
Thin Solid Films ,
1994
120.
Gouzman I., Brener R., Cytermann C., Hoffman A.
Surface and Interface Analysis ,
1994
121.
Gouzman I., Brener R., Hoffman A.
Surface Science ,
1995
122.
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences ,
1980
123.
Withrow S.P., Williams J.M., Prawer S., Barbara D.
Journal of Applied Physics ,
1995
124.
Marton D., Boyd K.J., Al-Bayati A.H., Todorov S.S., Rabalais J.W.
Physical Review Letters ,
1994
125.
126
J. Wiemannand Ch. Clachet
Compt. rend. ,
1948
126.
127.
128
J. Wiemann
Bull. Soc. chim. France ,
1952
128.
Maya L.
Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry ,
1993
129.
Cuomo J.J., Leary P.A., Yu D., Reuter W., Frisch M.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology ,
1979
130.
Vepr̆ek S., Weidmann J., Glatz F.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces and Films ,
1995
131.
Shiao J., Hoffman R.W.
Thin Solid Films ,
1996
132.
Hedvig P., Kulcsár S., Kiss L.
European Polymer Journal ,
1968
133.
Gaumet J.J., El Ouachini A., Peter S., Millon E., Muller J.F.
Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions ,
1996
134.
Maya L., Harris L.A.
Journal of the American Ceramic Society ,
1990
135.
Maya L., Cole D.R., Hagaman E.W.
Journal of the American Ceramic Society ,
1991
136.
Kouvetakis J., Todd M., Wilkens B., Bandari A., Cave N.
Chemistry of Materials ,
1994
137.
Todd M., Kouvetakis J., Groy T.L., Chandrasekhar D., Smith D.J., Deal P.W.
Chemistry of Materials ,
1995
138.
Kouvetakis J., Kaner R.B., Sattler M.L., Bartlett N.
Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications ,
1986
139.
Badzian A., Badzian T.
Diamond and Related Materials ,
1996
140.
Sekine T., Kanda H., Bando Y., Yokoyama M., Hojou K.
Journal of Materials Science Letters ,
1990
141.
142.
Nguyen J.H., Jeanloz R.
Materials Science & Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing ,
1996
143.
Bundy F.P.
Journal of Geophysical Research ,
2008
144.
145
Friedl.