Pulsed EPR in the method of spin labels and probes

Various pulsed EPR in the method of spin labels and probes based on electron spin echo spectroscopy (spin echo envelope modulation through electron–nuclear interactions, electron–electron double resonance, echo detected EPR, etc.) are considered. These methods provide information on the conformations of complex biomolecules, nanostructure of matter, depth of water penetration into biological membranes, supramolecular structure of multicomponent systems (membrane–peptide, etc.), co-operative orientational dynamics of molecules and dynamic low-temperature transitions in disordered molecular media and biosystems.